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Saturday, May 28, 2011

DIRTY SECRETS OF THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY


Dear All, 
Plz go through the whole, may be not of concern, just found it while surfing, but the facts are really interesting!!

DIRTY SECRETS OF THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

by: Fallon, Sally, M.A.

http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles
Sally Fallon is a nutrition journalist and food historian. She is the author of Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, a full spectrum nutritional cookbook which documents the politics behind the cholesterol theory of heart disease. She can tell us which fats and oils are beneficial and which are harmful, with supporting scientific documentation. Sally is editor of the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation's health journal, Wise Traditions, and is a regular contributor to a wide number of alternative health publications.

TRADITIONALLY PROCESSED FOOD
We have always processed our food; that is something that humans do. We cook our food - that is one type of processing. Processing has two functions: to make food more digestible and to preserve food during times when it isn't readily available. This type of processing produced traditional foods like sausage and the old-fashioned puddings and haggis. It includes bread, grain products, cheeses, milk products, pickles, butter, everything from wine and spirits to lacto-fermented beverages. Farmers and artisans like breadmakers, cheesemakers, distillers, millers and so forth processed this food. This type of processing made delicious foods, retained their nutritional content, and kept the profits on the farm and in the farming communities where it belonged. Food processing should be a cottage industry and produced locally.

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
Unfortunately, in modern times we have gone from local artisanal processing to factory and industrial processing which actually destroys the food rather than making it more digestible as traditional processing did. Industrial processing depends upon sugar, white flour, processed and hydrogenated oils, additives, synthetic vitamins and an extrusion processing of grains. These are the tools of the food processing industry. Let's have a look at the typical American breakfast of cereal, skim milk and orange juice.
PACKAGED CEREALS

These cereals are produced by a process called extrusion. They take the grains from the farmer, pay them a pittance for them, make the grains into a slurry and put them in a tank, a machine called an extruder. The grains are forced out of a little hole at high temperature and pressure and shaped into little o's and flakes and shredded wheat and so forth, or puffed up. A blade slices off each little flake which is carried past a nozzle and sprayed with a coating of oil and sugar to seal off the cereal from the ravages of milk and to give it crunch.

Paul Stitt has written about the extrusion process used for these cereals which treats every grain with very high heat and high pressure and destroys much of the nutrients in the grains. It destroys the fatty acids; it even destroys the chemical vitamins that are added. The amino acids are rendered very toxic by this process. The amino acid lysine, a crucial nutrient, is especially ravaged by extrusion. This is how all the boxed cereals are made, even the ones in the health food stores. They are all made in the same way and mostly in the same factories. All dry cereals that come in boxes are extruded cereals.
The only advances made in the extrusion process are those which will cut cost regardless of how these will alter the nutrient content of the product. Cereals are a multi-billion dollar business which has created huge fortunes. You would think there would be some studies on the effect on man or animals. There are no published studies and there are only two unpublished studies which were done on rats.

THE RAT EXPERIMENTS

Paul Stitt wrote about an experiment conducted by a cereal company in which four sets of rats were given special diets. One group received plain whole wheat, water and synthetic vitamins and minerals. A second group received puffed wheat (an extruded cereal), water and the same nutrient solution. A third set was given water and white sugar. A fourth set was given nothing but water and chemical nutrients. The rats which received the whole wheat lived over a year on this diet. The rats that got nothing but water and vitamins lived about two months. The animals on a white sugar and water diet lived about a month. The company's own laboratory study showed that the rats given the vitamins, water and all the puffed wheat they wanted died within two weeks---they died before the rats that got no food at all. It wasn't a matter of the rats dying of malnutrition. Results like these suggested that there was something actually very toxic in the puffed wheat itself! Proteins are very similar to certain toxins in molecular structure, and the pressure of the puffing process may produce chemical changes, which turn a nutritious grain into a poisonous substance.

Another unpublished experiment was carried out in 1960. Researchers at Ann Arbor University were given 18 laboratory rats. They were divided into three groups: one group received corn flakes and water; a second group was given the cardboard box that the Cornflakes came in and water; the control group received rat chow and water. The rats in the control group remained in good health throughout the experiment. The rats eating the box became lethargic and eventually died of malnutrition. The rats receiving the Cornflakes and water died before the rats that were eating the box! But before death, the Cornflakes rats developed schizophrenic behaviour, threw fits, bit each other and finally went into convulsions. Autopsy revealed dysfunction of the pancreas, liver and kidneys and degeneration of the nerves of the spine, all signs of insulin shock. The startling conclusion of this study is that there was more nourishment in the box than there was in the Cornflakes. This experiment was actually designed as a joke, but the results were far from funny. The results were never published and similar studies have not been conducted.

Most of America eats this kind of cereal. In fact, the USDA is gloating over the fact that children today get the vast majority of their important nutrients from the nutrients added to these boxed cereals. Many of them are at least 50% sugar; but there are many so-called health food cereals sold in the health food stores, and they are made by the same method. They use whole grains and they may use better quality sweeteners, but they are made by the same method. It may come as a shock to you, but these whole grain extruded cereals are probably more dangerous, because they are higher in protein and it is the proteins in these cereals that are so denatured by this type of processing.

THE EXTRUSION PROCESS

When we put these cereals through an extruder, it alters the structure of the proteins. "Seins", which comprise the majority of proteins in corn, are located in spherical organelles called protein bodies. One study investigated change in protein body, shape and release of encapsulated alphaseins as a result of the extrusion processing. During extrusion, they found that the protein bodies were completely disrupted and the alphaseins dispersed. The results suggest that seins in Cornflakes, particularly extruded ones, are not confined to rigid protein bodies but can interact with each other and other components of the system forming new compounds which are completely foreign to the human body. The extrusion process breaks down the organelles, disperses the proteins and the proteins become toxic. When they are disrupted in this way, you have absolute chaos in your food, and it can result in a disruption of the nervous system.

OLD FASHIONED PORRIDGE

There is only one way to put these companies out of business; and that is not to eat their food. So what are you going to have for breakfast? We need to go back to the old fashioned porridges as I explain in Nourishing Traditions. These porridges should be soaked overnight to get rid of the anti-nutrients which are normally neutralized in the sprouting process. Soaking will neutralize the tannins, complex proteins, enzyme inhibitors and phytic acid which preserve the grains. You soak the grains in warm water and one tablespoon of something acidic like whey, yoghurt, lemon juice or vinegar. The next morning, it cooks in about a minute. Of course, you eat it with butter or cream, coconut and chopped nuts like our grandparents did. The nutrients in the fats are needed to absorb the nutrients in the grains. That was one of the great lessons of Weston Price, that without the fats you can be taking mineral supplements, you can be drinking carrot juice until it comes out your ears, but you cannot absorb the minerals in your food without vitamin A and vitamin D that are exclusively found in the animal fats.


MILK
The minute you start to process your milk you destroy this wonderful food. Milk is one of nature's most perfect foods from nature's sacred animal, the cow, and we are putting cows inside all their lives eating foods that cows never before ate. They produce huge amounts of watery milk which is very low in fat, actually only half the amount of fat cows used to produce. Then they ship it to a factory. Emily Green wrote a very nice article in the LA Times, August 2000 about milk processing. Milk processing plants are big, big factories. Visitors are not allowed in modern milk processing plants because hygiene is very important. The largest milk poisoning in American history occurred in 1985 where more than 5,000 people across three states were sickened after a "pasteurization failure" at an Illinois bottling plant. So when something goes wrong with milk from these big plants, it is pretty catastrophic. Inside the plants all you can see is stainless steel. Inside that machinery, milk shipped from the farm is completely remade. First it is separated in centrifuges into fat, protein and various other solids and liquids. Once segregated, these are reconstituted to set levels for whole, low fat and no fat milks; in other words, they want everything to be completely uniform. Of the reconstituted milks, whole milk will most closely approximate original cow's milk. What is left over will go into butter, cream, cheese, dried milk, and a host of other milk products. The dairy industry loves to sell low fat milk and skim milk because they can make a lot more money from the butterfat selling it for ice cream. When they remove the fat to make low fat milk like 1% or 2% milk, they replace the fat with powdered milk concentrate, which is formed by high temperature spray drying. All reduced-fat milks have dried skim milk added to give them body.

 it is called ultrapasteurized. This will have a distinct cooked milk taste but it is sterile and can be sold on the grocery shelf. In other words, they don't even have to keep it cool. The bugs won't touch it. It does not require refrigeration. As it is cooked, the milk is also homogenized by a pressure treatment that breaks down the fat globules so the milk won't separate. Once processed, the milk will last for weeks, not just days.° F for 15 seconds by rushing it past super heated stainless steel plates. If the temperature is 200°Then the milk is sent by tanker trucks (which are not refrigerated) to bottling plants. The milk is pasteurized at 161

MILK ALLERGIES

Many people, particularly our children, cannot tolerate the stuff that we are calling milk that is sold in the grocery shelves. And you can see why. It starts with cows in confinement, cows fed feed that cows are not designed to digest, and then it goes into these factories for dismantlement and then put back together again. But real milk from pasture fed cows which is not pasteurized, processed or homogenized, is becoming more available. People are finding out where to find it, and it is very encouraging.

POWDERED MILK
When they make dried skim milk, first of all it is forced through a tiny hole at high pressure, and then blown out into the air. This causes a lot of nitrates to form and the cholesterol in the milk is oxidized. Those of you who are familiar with my work know that cholesterol is your best friend; you don't have to worry about cholesterol except you do not want to eat oxidized cholesterol. Oxidized cholesterol is used in research to cause atherosclerosis. So when you drink skim milk or low fat milk because you think that it will help you avoid heart disease, you are actually drinking this oxidized cholesterol which initiates the process of heart disease.


ORANGE JUICE
A quote from Processed and Prepared Foods states that "a new orange juice processing plant is completely automated and can process up to 1,800 tons of oranges per day to produce frozen concentrate, single strength juice, oil extracted from the peel, and cattle feed." They throw the whole orange in there and they actually add enzymes to get as much of the juice as they can even out of the skin. It is a very heavily sprayed crop, being sprayed with organophosphates, cholinesterase inhibitors, which are real mindbenders. They are very toxic to the nervous system and when they put the oranges in the vats and squeeze them, all that pesticide goes into the processing unit. Then they add acids to get every single bit of juice out of these oranges. So you already have a very, very toxic soup.

What about the peel used for cattle feed? This is something new in this business of cattle prisons. The dried left-over citrus peel is processed into cakes which are still loaded with cholinesterase inhibitors and organophosphates. Mark Purdey in England has shown this is correlated with Mad Cow Disease. The use of organophosphates either as a spray on the cows or in their feed is one of the causes of the degeneration of the brain and nervous system in the cow and if it's doing it to the cow, there's a possibility it's doing it to you also. And these things are in the orange juice!

Another abstract states that "Various acid sprays for improving fruit peel quality and increasing juice yield are added to these processed oranges." The FDA or the USDA has told us that we can no longer buy raw juice. But it might surprise you to know that they have found fungus that is resistant to pressure and heat in the processed juices. They found that 17% of Nigerian packages of orange juice and 20% of mango and tomato juices contained these heat resistant fungi. So there is plenty of danger from contamination from these pasteurized juices. They also found E. coli in the orange juice that was pressure resistant and had survived pasteurization.

In one study, heat-treated and acid-hydrolyzed orange juice was tested for mutagenic activity. The authors hypothesized that the heating process produces intermediate products, which under test conditions, give rise to mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. In other words you have got cancer-causing compounds in your orange juice. In another study, gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography were used to obtain mutagenic fractions from heated orange juice and they consisted of several different compounds. You have heated your orange juice to death, you have processed it and yet you still have all of these toxic compounds in it.

How does the orange juice stay cloudy? They add soy protein combined with soluble pectin, and that keeps it permanently cloudy. It might be interesting to know, for those of you who are allergic to soy.

Another study shows just how toxic and damaging these juices are to teeth. They found that rats had more tooth decay from these commercial juices than they did from soda pop which is loaded with sugar. So if you want juice with your breakfast, squeeze yourself an organic orange and that's a great place to put your cod liver oil.


ARTIFICIAL FLAVOURS VS. NUTRITIOUS HOME MADE BROTHS AND SAUCES
NATURAL NOURISHING BROTHS


In the past, all traditional cultures made use of bones to make broth. They recognized that broth supplied a lot of minerals and nutrients in our diet as well as wonderful flavours. We used to make bone broth, beef broth, chicken broth, fish broth, and we used these broths to make sauces and gravies. When we made sauce or gravy at home, we used the good drippings from the good fat of the meat, added some flour, and then the homemade broth. Most artificial soups bases and sauces have artificial meat-like flavours that we used to get from natural gelatin-rich broth. These kinds of short cuts mean that consumers are shortchanged. When the homemade stocks were pushed out by the cheap substitutes, an important source of minerals disappeared from the American diet. The thickening effects of gelatin could be mimicked with emulsifiers, but of course, the health benefits were lost. And gelatin is a very healthy thing to have in your diet. It helps you digest your proteins properly.

ARTIFICIAL FLAVOURINGS, HYDROLYZED PROTEIN AND MSG

Research on gelatin and natural broths came to an end in the 1950s when food companies discovered how to induce mallard reactions and produce meat-like flavours in the laboratory. In a General Foods Company report issued in 1947, chemists predicted that almost all natural flavours would soon be chemically synthesized. Following the Second World War food companies discovered monosodium glutamate, a food ingredient the Japanese had invented in 1908 to enhance food flavours, including meat-like flavours. Humans actually have receptors on the tongue for glutamate - it is the protein in food that the human body recognizes as meat (but the glutamate in MSG has a different configuration which cannot be assimilated properly by the body). Any protein can be hydrolyzed to produce a base containing MSG. When the industry learned how to make the flavour of meat in the laboratory using inexpensive proteins from grains and legumes, the door was opened to a flood of new products including bullion cubes, dehydrated soup mixes, sauce mixes, TV dinners, and condiments with a meaty base. You couldn't have had all of these processed foods without these fake ersatz flavours.

The fast food industry could not exist without MSG and artificial meat flavours to make secret sauces and spice mixes that beguile the consumer into eating bland and tasteless food. The sauces in processed foods are basically MSG, water, some thickener and emulsifier and some caramel colouring. Your tongue is tricked into thinking that it is getting something nutritious when it is getting nothing at all except some very toxic substances. Even the dressings, the Worcestershire sauce, rice mixes, flavoured to fu, bullion cubes, Knorr soups, imitation garlic and onions, dehydrated foods that you add water to, all of these and anything that has a meat-like taste has MSG in it. Almost all canned soups and stews contain MSG, and the "hydrolyzed protein" bases often contain MSG in very large amounts.

So called "homemade soup" in most restaurants are often made by adding water to artificial flavourings in a powdered soup-base or soup cubes and adding chopped vegetables etc. Even things like lobster bisque and sauces in the seafood restaurants are full of these artificial flavours. It's all profit based. They even think it is too costly to just use a little onion and garlic for flavouring. So they are using the artificial flavours instead.

Unfortunately, most of the vegetarian foods are loaded with these flavourings. The list of ingredients in vegetarian hamburgers, hot dogs, bacon, baloney etc. may include hydrolyzed protein and other "natural" flavourings.

MSG LABELLING

As I point out in my various workshops, the three most toxic additives in our food supply are MSG, hydrolyzed protein and aspartame, and the first two are in all of these secret sauces with "natural flavours". Anything that you buy that says "spices" or "natural flavours" contains MSG! They get around it by putting MSG in the mixes, and if it less than 50% MSG they don't have to put it on the label. You may have noticed that that phrase "No MSG" has actually disappeared. They don't use it anymore because they found out that there was MSG in all the spice mixes, even Bragg's amino acids had to take "No MSG" off. These neurotoxins are in the low fat milk, the spray-dried milk and in all the natural flavourings and spices.

HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH MSG

We soon began to realize that there were some problems with this MSG. In 1957 scientists found that mice became blind and obese when MSG was administered by feeding tube. In 1969, MSG-induced lesions were found in the hypothalamus region of the brain. Subsequent studies all pointed in the same direction. MSG is a neurotoxic substance that causes a wide range of reactions from temporary headaches to permanent brain damage. We have a huge increase in Alzheimer's, brain cancer, seizures, multiple sclerosis and diseases of the nervous system, and one of the chief reasons is these flavourings in our food. MSG is also associated with violent behaviour. And it is everywhere in the food.

Ninety-five percent of processed foods contain MSG, and as you know, in the late 1950s it was added to baby food. They say they have taken it out of the baby food, but they didn't really remove it. They just called it hydrolyzed protein. There is a wonderful book called Excitotoxins, by Russell Blalock. He describes how the nerve cells either disintegrate or shrivel up in the presence of this free glutamic acid, MSG, if it gets past the blood brain barrier. The glutamates in MSG are absorbed directly from the mouth to the brain. Some investigators believe that the great increase in violence in this country is due, not to sugar, nor even the breakfast cereals, but to the huge increase in the use of MSG in the food which began in the late 1950's, and particularly because it was put in baby food in very large amounts.

Describing artificial bacon, a food processing magazine claims: "Here is an engineered meat product which looks, cooks, and tastes like bacon, but is formed and laminated by a co-extrusion process. It is made from a mixture of pork, beef, sugar, salt, MSG, and smoked flavour and has a number of advantages. It shrinks very little in cooking; holds its shape and colour well; contains twice the protein and half the fat of bacon; costs less than bacon and the processed product does not delaminate." Isn't that nice to know? Of course, now they have figured out how to do this without any meat at all by using soy.

FATS AND OILS

Oil processing starts with the crude vegetable oil and produces various oils, margarine, shortening and so forth. Don't forget these oils start out loaded with pesticides. The steps involved in processing have to do with bleaching, deodorizing, taking all the nutrients out, filtering, and removing saturates to make the oils more liquid. They also add a hexane solvent in order to squeeze the very last drop of oil out of the seeds. Caustic refining refers to very alkaline, very caustic chemicals that are added to the oil.

MARGARINE

Margarine processing uses the cheapest seeds, and most of them are full of pesticides and genetically engineered. Oil is extracted under high temperature and pressure, and the remaining fraction of oil is removed with hexane solvents. Then they steam clean the oils to remove all the vitamins and all the anti-oxidants, but of course, the solvents and the pesticides remain. These oils are mixed with a nickel catalyst and then put into a huge high pressure, high temperature reactor. Emulsifiers are mixed in. What comes out of that reactor, actually, is a smelly, grey type of cottage cheese. Then they mix in the emulsifiers to smooth it out, and steam clean it again to get rid of the horrible smell. Then they bleach it to get rid of the grey colour, and they add artificial flavours and synthetic vitamins. Actually they are not allowed to add a synthetic colour to margarine. They have to add a natural colour, so they add anatto or something natural. It is then packaged in blocks and tubs and then advertising promotes this garbage as a health food.

HYDROGENATED OILS

Saturated fat is the type of fat found in lard or butter. It is a straight molecule and it packs together easily. That is why it's solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fat, like the type of fat found in olive oil, is a bent molecule. It has a little bend with two hydrogen molecules sticking out. And when that molecule gets built into your cells, the body wants those two hydrogens together; it makes an electron cloud and that is where your body makes reactions in the cell membrane. During hydrogenation, one of those hydrogens is moved to the other side, and it causes the molecule to straighten out so that it behaves like a saturate. The original unsaturated molecule is called 'cis' fatty acid, because the two hydrogens are together, and then it becomes a 'transfat,' a transfatty acid because the two hydrogens are across from each other. But your body doesn't know that this new molecule is something that has never been in nature before, so when you eat one of these transfats, or transfatty acids, they become built into your cell membranes. When it gets into your cell membranes, your body starts to realize something is wrong, because it wants to make reactions where those two hydrogens are and it can't find them. And so the reaction can't take place. The more transfatty acids that you eat, the more hydrogenated your cells become and the more chaos that you are going to have on the cellular level. So this is a completely phony, toxic molecule that tricks your body into thinking it is something real and your body puts it in a cell, and then the cells can't work.

All of the margarines, shortenings, spreads, even low trans spreads are made with all these horrible ingredients. In the groceries stores there is just a little bit of space for the butter because all the low profit margarine foods have totally invaded the food supply. You cannot buy any packaged or processed foods that don't have these transfatty acids in them. They're in all the chips and crackers, and they now use them for french fries. They used to fry the fries in tallow which is a very safe fat, and gave a little extra profit for the cattlemen and they have lost that market now. Now they use partially hydrogenated soybean oil. It used to be that when you made desserts for your kids, at least they had butter, eggs, cream and nuts and things, all these good wholesome foods. Now they can imitate the butter, eggs and cream and nuts so all you have is sugar, and artificial things in these instant puddings and artificial desserts.

PROBLEMS WITH HYDROGENATED OILS

Many, many diseases have been associated with the consumption of these transfatty acids - heart disease, cancer, and degeneration of joints and tendons (that is why we have so many hip replacements today) . The only reason that we are eating this stuff is because we have been told that the competing fats and oils, the butter, the lard, the coconut oil, the palm oil, the tallow and the suet are bad for us and cause heart disease. And that is nothing but industry propaganda to get us to buy substitutes.

PROCESSED FOOD AFFECTS FERTILITY AND FACIAL STRUCTURE

Weston A. Price discovered that as children eat these processed foods, with each generation, the facial structure becomes more and more narrow. Healthy faces should be broad. They should have perfectly straight teeth and no cavities. When you are eating real foods, nutrient dense foods, you get the complete and perfect expression of the genetic potential. And that genetic potential, that gift from the Creator to all of us is perfection. We were given a perfect blueprint. Whether or not the body temple is built according to the blueprint depends on our wisdom in food choices. When primitive societies abandoned the traditional diet and began to eat processed foods, the next generation developed the altered facial structure. We know that if you continue this diet for three generations, reproduction ceases and that's what we're seeing now. About 25% of our couples are infertile, and if we don't go back to a diet that produces good facial structure, we are going to be wiped out.

FACTORY FOOD PREPARATION - IS YOUR FOOD MADE BY CARING HANDS?

Artificial flavours and preservatives are made by chemical companies in factories; they are not being made by the loving hands of a cook. All the artificial ingredients added to the food help the rich get richer. They have completely processed the life out of the food and then as a concession to the public, thrown in a handful of artificial nutrients. Can you imagine what kind of feeling, what kind of radiation comes from that factory food? It would be better that an individual did not eat at all than to eat food that has been prepared under a feeling of anger, apathy, resentment, depression, or any outward pressure. Think of the pressure that is put on all this food that is made in factories.

Ninety-five percent of processed foods contain MSG, and as you know, in the late 1950s it was added to baby food. They say they have taken it out of the baby food, but they didn't really remove it. They just called it hydrolyzed protein. There is a wonderful book called Excitotoxins, by Russell Blalock. He describes how the nerve cells either disintegrate or shrivel up in the presence of this free glutamic acid, MSG, if it gets past the blood brain barrier. The glutamates in MSG are absorbed directly from the mouth to the brain. Some investigators believe that the great increase in violence in this country is due, not to sugar, nor even the breakfast cereals, but to the huge increase in the use of MSG in the food which began in the late 1950's, and particularly because it was put in baby food in very large amounts.

Friday, April 15, 2011

Nanotechnology & Food..

The scientific community generally attributes the first acknowledgement of the importance of nanoscale range to Richard P. Feynman Noble Prize    Winner in physics who remarked at the Annual meeting of the American Society at the California Institute of Technology (Dec 29, 1959) that “There’s plenty of room at the bottom”.

Nanotechnology as defined by Richard Smalley (1943-2005) Noble Prize Winner, Chemistry (1996) “is the art and science of building stuff that     does stuff at the nanometer scale.”

 “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” Eric Drexler, 1986

Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines— the projected ability to build things from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being develop to make complete, highly advanced products.

The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as: “The science, engineering and technology related to the understanding and control of matter at the length scale of approximately 1 to 100nanometeres. However, nanotechnology is not merely working with matter at nanoscale, but also research and development of nanomaterials, devices, and systems that have novel properties and functions due to their nanoscale dimensions and components.”

Nanoscience & nanotechnology are concerned with the understanding & rational manipulation of materials at the atomic &molecular level, generally with structures less than 100nm in size.
Scientifically nanoscience is defined as the study of the phenomena & materials at the atomic, molecular & macromolecular scales, where properties differ from those at the larger scale.
Nanotechnology is defined as the design, production & application of structures, devices, & systems through control of size &shape of the material at the nanometer scale (10-9 m).
The ability of nanoscience to improve the quality of materials through understanding & refining their nanoscale structures is called incremental nanotechnology. When reduction in size of structures leads to step changes in properties that provide radical new solutions to problems & new commercial opportunities then these examples are called evolutionary nanotechnology.

Nanobiotechnology for Controlled Environment:
•   “Smart" pesticides delivery,
•    Control of Crops,
•   Animal Food and Health,
•   Control of microbial and chemical contamination,
•   Complete plant health monitoring
•   Extreme conditions agriculture & farming (Space, Cold, Hot areas)
•   Genetic manipulations

 Other Developments in The Agricultural Sector
>Nanotechnology can improve our understanding of the biology of different crops and thus potentially enhance yields, Medicinal or nutritional values.
>In addition, it can offer routes to added value crops or environmental remediation.
>Particle farming is one such example, which yields nanoparticles for industrial use by growing plants in defined soils.
>For example, research has shown that alfalfa plants grown in gold rich soil absorb gold nanoparticles through their roots and accumulate these in their tissues. The gold nanoparticles can be mechanically separated from the plant tissue following harvest.

Microencapsulated Products
Another encapsulated product from Syngenta delivers a broad control spectrum on primary and secondary insect pests of cotton, rice, peanuts and soybeans.
Marketed under the name Karate® ZEON this is a quick release microencapsulated product containing the active compound lambda-cyhalothrin (a synthetic insecticide based on the structure of natural pyrethrins) which breaks open on contact with leaves.

In contrast, the encapsulated product "gutbuster" only breaks open to release its contents when it comes into contact with alkaline environments, such as the stomach of certain insects.
Nanofilters
The dairy industry has long known the benefits of microfiltration, and with health and safety issues always atop their list of concerns.
Dairy processors have given nano a warmer welcome. A nano membrane filter that only allows pure milk to go through.
Dairy processors also like the promise of nanotechnology to reduce maintenance requirements.
Holes or material build-up on membranes employed in milk processing require cleaning or replacement.
Cheese makers in particular rely heavily on ultra-filtration for quality product and cost effective production.
Ultrafine nanoscale powders
Altairnano's Nanocheck contains lanthanum nanoparticles that absorb phosphates from aqueous environments and as a result prevents the growth of algae.
Research at Lehigh University in the US shows that an ultrafine, nanoscale powder made from iron can be used as an effective tool for cleaning up contaminated soil and groundwater.
The iron nanoparticles are recruited to catalyse the oxidation and breakdown of organic contaminants such as trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, dioxins, and PCBs to simpler carbon compounds which are much less toxic.
This could pave the way for a nano-aquaculture, which would be beneficial for a large world.
Nanoscale iron oxide particles are extremely effective at binding and removing arsenic from groundwater.

Nanolaminates are consisting of two or more layers of material with nanometer dimensions, a nanolaminate is an extremely thin food-grade film (1–100 nm/layer) that has physically bonded or chemically bonded dimensions.
 Edible film, a nanolaminate has a number of important food-industry applications.  
 Edible films are present on a wide variety of foods: fruits, vegetables, meats, chocolate, candies, baked goods, and French fries. Such films protect foods from moisture, lipids, and gases, or they can improve the textural properties of foods and serve as carriers of colors, flavors, antioxidants, nutrients, and antimicrobials. Currently, edible nanolaminates are constructed from polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids.

Cornell researchers are developing swabs containing nanosensors that can detect E. coli; avian influenza A (H5N1), the bird-flu virus; and other nasty bugs on countertops or in food, for example.   

Nanosensors embedded packages could warn and repair the ruptured packages due to change in mechanical, thermal, chemical and microbial properties.

Biologically active nanoscale molecules can slip through cell walls and keep us healthy and functioning.

A new approach to Intelligent Weight Management
The German company Aquanova has developed a new technology, which combines two active substances for fat reduction and satiety into a single nano-carrier (micelles of average 30 nm diameter), an innovation said to be a new approach to intelligent weight management. Called NovaSOL Sustain, it uses CoQ1O to address fat reduction and alpha-lipoic acid for satiety.

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Maintain therapeutic levels of the drug
Minimize harmful side effects
Decrease necessary efficacious dose of the drug
Decrease the dosing frequency
Increase the bio-availability of drugs
Protect or deliver drugs having short systemic half-lives
Controlled release of drug
The tailor made Nanoproducts will release antimicrobial agents in a controlled manner (slowly or quickly) in response to different signals such as magnetic fields, heat, ultrasound, moisture, etc

Site specific Nutrients Delivery
“Nutraceuticals" recognize individual cells in the human body and deliver vital nutrients or drugs directly to the site

Nanotech Research
ØSeveral smart products that are already in the market include anti-bacterial dressings, transparent sunscreen lotions, stain-resistant fabrics, scratch free paints for cars, self-cleaning windows and many more.
Ø400 companies around the world today are active in nanotechnology R & D and expected to increase  over 1000 within the next 10 years. 
ØIn terms of numbers, the USA leads, followed by Japan, China, and the EU.
Ø7.6 billion USD in 2003 and is expected to be 1 trillion USD in 2011.

Saturday, January 1, 2011

STERILIZATION

 Introduction
Early civilizations practiced salting, smoking, pickling, drying, and exposure of food and clothing to sunlight to control microbial growth.
Use of spices in cooking was to mask taste of spoiled food also prevents spoilage to some extend.
Aseptic Packaging System is the most dependent process of packing pre-sterilized food products in a sterile condition.

Definition:
Sterilization: Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object. Heating is the most commonly used method of sterilization.

Terminologies used in sterilization:
Ø  Sterilant -When sterilization is achieved by a chemical agent, the chemical is called a sterilant.
Ø  Disinfection is the killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease.
Ø  Disinfectants are agents usually chemical, used to carry out disinfection and are normally used only on inanimate objects.
Ø  Antisepsis is the prevention of infection or sepsis and is accomplished with antiseptics.
Ø  Antiseptics: These are chemical agents applied to tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting pathogen growth; they also reduce the total microbial population. Because they must not destroy too much host tissue, antiseptics are generally not as toxic as disinfectants.

Common methods of Sterilization:
The two common methods of sterilization are:
1. Sterilising in containers
2. Sterilisation of foods before placing in the container
Sterilisation of foods in containers can be done by following methods:
a)      Indirect heating by saturated steam: It is a common method. Low acid foods are sterilised at temperatures above 100˚ C with the help of pressurized sterilisers.
b)     Forced Convection of hot air.
c)      By direct flame contact.
Batch Sterilizers:
In batch and non-agitating type of sterilisers the labour requirement is high but still they are quite popular. The batch sterilisers are flexible and can accommodate containers of different sizes. The batch sterilizers are also suitable for different type of processes. But in comparison to continuous sterilisers the steam and water consumption are higher. Horizontal and side loading type batch sterilisers occupy more space then top loading and vertical types. But the loading and discharge of containers are easier in case of horizontal types. In batch sterilisers the steam pressures are in the range of 350-415 KN/m2
                                        Batch Sterilizer
Continuous pressure steriliser
             There are three types of continuous sterilisers:
  1. TheContinuous pressure cooker-cooler.
  2. The Continuous rotary sterilisers
  3. The Hydrostatic steriliser.

The Continuous pressure cooker-cooler sterilisers are of non-agitating types. The containers which are to be sterilised are carried on a roller track or a chain conveyer through the pre-heating, sterilizing and cooling sections.
In the Continuous Rotary sterilisers there are 3 cylinders. The inner walls of these cylinders have helical track. The containers are carried in the track by the flanges at the periphery of cylinder. The helical track causes agitation of containers by the combined rolling and sliding action. Rotary sterilisers have large capacity.
Continuous Rotary sterilisers (Inside View)


In the Hydrostatic sterilisers, hot water columns are used to generate pressure. The temperature of water in the preheated zone and air cooling section is between 107 to 108˚ C. The water seal temperatures in the steam chamber are between 114 to 127˚C. The containers are carried on a twin roller-chain conveyor operating at slow speed of around 2m/min. The containers are usually carried with their long horizontal axes. This helps the convective heat transfer within the container.

The Pattern of Microbial Death

A microbial population is not killed instantly when exposed to a lethal agent. Population death, like population growth, is generally exponential or logarithmic—that is, the population will be reduced by the same fraction at constant intervals. If the logarithm of the population number remaining is plotted against the time of exposure of the microorganism to the agent, a straight line plot will result. When the population has been greatly reduced, the rate of killing may slow due to the survival of a more resistant strain of the microorganism.



Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity:
1.      Population size. Because an equal fraction of a microbial population is killed during each interval, a larger population requires a longer time to die than a smaller one.

2.      Population composition: The effectiveness of an agent varies greatly with the nature of the organisms being treated because microorganisms differ markedly in susceptibility. Bacterial Endospores are much more resistant to most antimicrobial agents than are vegetative forms, and younger cells are usually more readily destroyed than mature organisms.

3.      Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent: The more concentrated a chemical agent or intense a physical agent, the more rapidly Microorganisms are destroyed. However, agent effectiveness usually is not directly related to concentration or intensity. Over a short range a small increase in concentration leads to an exponential rise in effectiveness; beyond a certain point, increases may not raise the killing rate much at all.

4.      Duration of exposure.     The longer a population is exposed to a microbicidal agent, the more organisms are killed. To achieve sterilization, exposure duration sufficient to reduce the probability of survival to 10–6 or less should be used.

5.      Temperature: An increase in the temperature at which a chemical acts often enhances its activity. Frequently a lower concentration of disinfectant or sterilizing agent can be used at a higher temperature.

6.      Local environment: The population to be controlled is not isolated but surrounded by environmental factors that may either offer protection or aid in its destruction. For example, because heat kills more readily at an acid pH, acid foods and beverages such as fruits and tomatoes are easier to pasteurize than foods with higher pH’s like milk. 

Methods of Microbial Control:
[A] Physical Method; and [B] Chemical Method
[A] Physical Methods:
[1] Heat: Kills microorganisms by denaturing their enzymes and other proteins. Heat resistance varies widely among microbes.
[i] Moist Heat: Kills microorganisms by coagulating their proteins. In general, moist heat is much more effective than dry heat.
(a) Boiling: Heat to 100oC or more at sea level. Kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens, almost all viruses, and fungi and their spores within 10 minutes or less.  Endospores and some viruses are not destroyed this quickly.  However brief boiling will kill most pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling.
Reliable sterilization with moist heat requires temperatures above that of boiling water.
Canning of food is the process of moist heat preservation.

 (b) Autoclave: Chamber which is filled with hot steam under pressure.  Preferred  
Method of sterilization, unless material is damaged by heat, moisture, or high pressure.
  • Temperature of steam reaches 121oC at twice atmospheric pressure.
  • Most effective when organisms contact steam directly or are contained in a small volume of liquid. 
  • All organisms and endospores are killed within 15 minutes.
  • Require more time to reach center of solid or large volumes of liquid.
Autoclave: Closed Chamber with High Temperature and Pressure


(c) Pasteurization: Developed by Louis Pasteur to prevent the spoilage of beverages.  Used to reduce microbes responsible for spoilage of beer, milk, wine, juices, etc.
Classic Method of Pasteurization: Milk was exposed to 65oC for 30 minutes.
High Temperature Short Time Pasteurization (HTST): Used today.  Milk is exposed to 72oC for 15 seconds.
Ultra High Temperature Pasteurization (UHT): Milk is treated at 140oC for 3 seconds and then cooled very quickly in a vacuum chamber.
Advantage:  Milk can be stored at room temperature for several months


[ii] Dry Heat: Kills by oxidation effects.
(a) Direct Flaming: Used to sterilize inoculating loops and needles.  Heat metal until it has a red glow.
(b) Incineration: Effective way to sterilize disposable items (paper cups, dressings) and biological waste.
(c) Hot Air Sterilization:  Many objects are best sterilized in the absence of water by dry heat sterilization. The items to be sterilized are placed in an oven at 160 to 170°C for 2 to 3 hours. Microbial death apparently results from the oxidation of cell constituents and denaturation of proteins
Advantages: Dry heat transfers heat less effectively to a cool body, than moist heat.
Clostridium botulinum spores are killed in 5 minutes at 121°C by moist heat but only after 2 hours at 160°C with dry heat—it has some definite advantages. Dry heat does not corrode glassware and metal instruments as moist heat does, and it can be used to sterilize powders, oils, and similar items. Most of this procedure used in the bakery industry.
Disadvantage: Dry heat sterilization is slow and not suitable for heat sensitive materials.

[2] Low Temperature: The most convenient control technique to inhibit microbial growth and reproduction by the use of either freezing or refrigeration. This approach is particularly important in food microbiology. Freezing items at _20°C or lower stops microbial growth because of the low temperature and the absence of liquid water. Some microorganisms will be killed by ice crystal disruption of cell membranes, but freezing does not destroy contaminating microbes.
(a) Refrigeration: Temperatures from 0 to 7oC. Reduces metabolic rate of most microbes, so they cannot reproduce or produce toxins.
(b) Freezing: Temperatures below 0oC.  Used in preservation of milk product, ice cream, and many aqueous foods.
(c) Flash Freezing: Does not kill most microbes.
(d) Slow Freezing: More harmful because ice crystals disrupt cell structure. Over a third of vegetative bacteria may survive 1 year. Most parasites are killed by a few days of freezing.

 [3] Filtration: Removal of microbes by passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like material with small pores. It is an excellent way to reduce the microbial population in solutions of heat-sensitive material, and sometimes it can be used to sterilize solutions. Rather than directly destroying contaminating microorganisms, the filter simply removes them.
This is mainly used in food industry for the removal of contamination of liquid food material such as fruit juice and edible oil.

[4] Radiation: Three types of radiation kill microbes:
(a)   Ionizing Radiation: Gamma rays, X rays, electron beams, or higher energy rays.  Have short wavelengths (less than 1 nanometer).  Dislodge electrons from atoms and form ions. Cause mutations in DNA and produce peroxides. Used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable medical supplies. Food industry is interested in using ionizing radiation.
Disadvantages: Penetrates human tissues. May cause genetic mutations in humans.




(b) Ultraviolet light (Non-ionizing Radiation):  Wavelength is longer than 1 nanometer. Damages DNA by producing thymine dimers, which cause mutations.Used to disinfect operating rooms, microbiology and biotech labs in laminar air flow to carry out research work.
Disadvantages: Damages skin, eyes.  Do not penetrate paper, glass, and cloth.

(c) Microwave Radiation:  Wavelength ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 meter. Heat is absorbed by water molecules. May kill vegetative cells in moist foods. Bacterial Endospores, which do not contain water, are not damaged by microwave radiation. Solid foods are unevenly penetrated by microwaves.


[5] Dessication: In the absence of water, microbes cannot grow or reproduce, but some may remain viable for years.  After water becomes available, they start growing again.
Susceptibility to dessication varies widely:
Neisseria gonnorrhea: Only survives about one hour.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: May survive several months.
Viruses are fairly resistant to dessication.
Clostridium sp. and Bacillus sp.: May survive decades.

[6] Osmotic Pressure: The use of high concentrations of salts and sugars in foods is used to increase the osmotic pressure and create a hypertonic environment.
[7] Plasmolysis: As water leaves the cell, plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall.  Cell may not die, but usually stops growing.
Yeasts and molds: More resistant to high osmotic pressures.
 Staphylococci sp. that lives on skin is fairly resistant to high osmotic pressure.

[B]       Chemical Methods: Types of Disinfectants
        i.     Organic acid and their salt are used as anti-microbial agents in food processing.
Propionate: Propionic acid is a short chain fatty acid which is effective against cell membrane of fungi and mould. Sodium and calcium propionate is use most extensively in the prevention of mould growth and rope deployment in the backed food and in cheese food.
Benzoate: the sodium salt of benzoic acid has been use extensively as an antimicrobial agent in food. It has been incorporated in to jams jellies, fruit salad, pickles.
Sorbate: Sorbic acid as the sodium, sodium, or potassium salt is used as a direct antimicrobial additives in food as a spay, dip, or coating on packing material.
It is widely used in cheeses, backed product and in beverages.

Acetates: Derivative of acetic acid (monochloro acetic acid, paracetic acid, dehydro acetic acid is use as a mould inhibitor in pickle, jam, and in cheese.

      ii.     Nitrites and nitrates: Combination of these various salts has been used in curing solutions and curing mixture of meat.
    iii.     Sugar and salt: These compound decreases the water activity of food result in decrease in the microbial activity.
    iv.     Alcohol: Ethanol is a coagulant and denaturizes cell protein, is most germicidal in concentration between 70-90%.
      v.     Ethylene and propylene oxide: Sterilants gases such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide have been used in the past but their use has been severely limited due to substantial harmful residue formation (i.e., chlorohydrins) in the food products. Presently, because of this residue formation various Government regulations such as those in the United States regarding food product sterilization permit use of ethylene oxide solely for ungrounded spices, black walnut meats and copra and the use of propylene oxide for treating cocoa, glace fruits, gums, processed nut meats, dried prunes, processed spices and starch.
    vi.     Peroxygens (Oxidizing Agents):  Oxidize cellular components of treated microbes. Also disrupt membranes and proteins.
       (a) Ozone:
 Used along with chlorine to disinfect water.
 Helps neutralize unpleasant tastes and odors.
 More effective killing agent than chlorine, but less stable and more expensive.
 Highly reactive form of oxygen.
 Made by exposing oxygen to electricity or UV light.

       (b) Hydrogen Peroxide:
 Used as an antiseptic.
 Effective in disinfection of inanimate objects.
 Sporicidal at higher temperatures.